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Buffalo River (New York)
The Buffalo River drains a 447 square mile watershed, emptying into the eastern end of Lake Erie at the City of Buffalo. The river has three tributaries: Cayuga Creek, Buffalo Creek, and Cazenovia Creek. The Buffalo River has been important to the development of western New York, including as the terminus for the Erie Canal beginning in 1825, and later as an industrial area with uses including grain elevators, steel mills and chemical production. When shipping began to bypass the Erie Canal in the 1950s, and later with the decline of heavy industry in the region, the transportation and industrial use of the river greatly declined and many adjacent factories and grain mills were abandoned. The river and adjacent sites have been the focus of efforts over several decades to improve water quality and restore habitat, most recently in 2011 with the commencement of the Buffalo River Restoration Project.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Buffalo River Restoration Project )〕
==Geography==
The Buffalo River flows westward from the point of confluence, passing through residential and heavily industrialized parts of the city. 6.2 miles of the river are a federal navigation channel maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers at a depth of 23 feet below lake level (along with an additional 1.4 miles of the City Ship Canal).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=BUFFALO RIVER STRATEGIC NAVIGATIONAL DREDGING )〕 Because of this designation, bridges in the navigable part of the river are required to allow for passage of high vessels, and many of them are draw bridges. The very low hydraulic gradient of the river, along with the dredging, gives the river an estuarine-like character. Much of the shoreline is hardened by riprap, bulkheads and other structures, and little vegetation remains along the banks.〔 The river enters the lake between a United States Coast Guard station and the Erie Basin Marina. The grounds of the Coast Guard station include the Buffalo Main Light, established in 1833 and on the National Register of Historic Places.
The mouth of the river where it meets the lake is part of the Port of Buffalo, and is navigable by larger vessels. The Port was expanded to include the City Ship Canal and its extension, the Lehigh Valley Canal. Some of the canals have now been filled in. The ponds at Tifft Farm Nature Preserve in the southwest corner of the city originally were part of this canal system and were used by the Lehigh Valley Railroad as a terminal facility. They are no longer connected to the canal. The Army Corps of Engineers dredges the River and the City Ship Canal every two to three years, removing about 100,000 cubic yards of sediment. Dredging sediment is placed in a confined disposal facility located on Lake Erie near the former Bethlehem Steel facility. In 2011 and 2012 a more extensive dredging effort was undertaken as part of the Buffalo River Restoration Project to remove contaminated sediment from both the navigable waterway and from an upstream part of the Buffalo River that is not normally dredged.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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